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GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE
LABORATORY TESTING OF CCB MATERIALS
(Updated 10/15/98)
OUTLINE
ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO PRODUCT USE
ASTM Specifications Pertaining to Coal Ash (Fly Ash or Bottom Ash):
Report provided by the American Coal Ash Association ACAA.
LEACHING TESTS
Leaching Tests: Commonly Used Methods, Examples of Applications to
Coal Combustion By-Products, and needs for the next generation. Sorini. 1996.
ABSTRACTS and LOCATION
ACAA. ASTM Specifications Pertaining to Coal Ash (Fly Ash and Bottom Ash)
FOR USE AS CONCRETE
C14/C14M-95: Standard Specification for Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe.
ASTM Vol. 4.05.
C227-90: Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate
Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method) ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C311-97: Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for
Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C330-89: Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete.
Includes aggregates prepared by expanding, pelletizing, or sintering products such as
blast furnace slag, clay, diatomite, fly ash, or slate. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C331-94: Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Manonry Units.
Includes aggregates prepared by expanding coal fly ash; from end products of coal
combustion such as bottom ash; by crushing or pelletizing cementitious mortars
manufactured by various processes that mix materials such as portland cement, lime, coal
fly ash, and chemical admixtures. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C332-91: Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulating Concrete.
Intended for use in concrete not exposed to weather. Includes aggregates prepared by
expanding, calcining, or sintering products such as blast furnace slag, clay, diatomite,
fly ash, shale, or slate. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C441-89: Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Mineral Admixture of Ground Blast
Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica
Reaction. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C593-95: Standard Specificiation for Fly Ash and Pozzolans for Use with Lime. Covers fly
ash and other pozzolans for use with lime in plastic mortars, non plastic mixtures, and
other mixtures that affect lime pozzolanic reaction. Evaluation of Class C fly ash
containing available lime is given consideration. ASTM Vol. 4.01.
C595/C595M-95a: Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements. Covers five classes
of blended hydraulic cements using slag, pozzolan, or both, with portland cement portland
cement clinker, or slag with lime. ASTM Vol. 4.01.
C618-97: Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a
Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concretes. Covers fly ash where cementitous or
pozzolanic action or both is desired. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C938-91: Standard Practice for Proportioning Grout Mixtures for Preplaced Aggregate
Concrete. The cementitious material shall consist of two parts of portland cement to one
part of pozzolan, by weight. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
C1141-94: Standard Specification for Admixtures for Shotcrete. Pozzolanic admixtures shall
be sampled and tested in accordance with the requirements established in C311. ASTM Vol.
4.02.
C1157/C1157M-95: Standard Performance Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement. A
specification giving performance requirements. There are no restrictions on the
composition of the cement or its constituents. ASTM Vol. 4.01.
C1260-94: Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar
Method). Permits detection within 16 days. ASTM Vol. 4.02.
D5370-96: New Standard Specification for Pozzolanic Blended Material in Construction
Applications. Covers pozzolanic blended material consisting of an intimate unIAOrm blend
of Class F and Class C fly ashes, or a blend of Class F fly ash with cement kiln dust.
ASTM Committee D34. ASTM Vol. 11.04.
FOR USE WITH BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES
D242-89: Standard Specification for Mineral Filler for Bituminous Paving Mixtures.
Mineral filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, slag
dust, hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly ash, or loess. ASTM Vol. 4.03.
FOR USE AS CONTROLLED LOW STRENGTH MATERIAL (CLSM)
D4832-95: Standard Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Controlled Low Strength
Material (CLSM) Test Cylinders. ASTM Vol. 4.09.
D5971-96: Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed CLSM. This practice includes
sampling from revolving drum truck mixers and from agitating equipment used to transport
centrally mixed CLSM. ASTM Vol. 4.09.
D6023-96: Standard Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Content (gravimetric) of
CLSM. This test method covers determination of the weight per cubic foot (cubic meter) of
freshly mixed CLSM and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air
content of the CLSM. The method is based on Test Method C138 for Concrete. ASTM Vol. 4.09.
D6024-96: Standard Test Method for the Ball Drop on CLSM to Determine Suitability for Load
Application. This specification covers the determination of the ability of CLSM to
withstand loading by repeatedly dropping a metal weight onto the in-place material. ASTM
Vol. 4.09.
D6103-97: Standard Test Method for Flow Consistency of CLSM. This covers the porcedure for
determination of the flow consistency of fresh CLSM containing aggregate not larger than
3/4 inch (19.0mm). ASTM Vol. 4.09.
FOR USE IN STRUCTURAL FILLS
E1266-88: Standard Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal
Wastes in Structural Fills and Other Construction Applications. This practice provides
descriptions and references of existing test methods and commercial practices relating to
the processing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes in construction applications. ASTM
Vol. 11.04.
E1861-97: Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Fly Ash in Structural Fills. This
guide covers the design and construction of engineered structural fills using coal
combustion fly ash. The guide suggests procedures for consideration of engineering,
economic, and environmental factors in the development of fly ash structural fills. ASTM
Vol. 11.04.
FOR USE AS A SOIL AMENDMENT
D5239-92: Standard Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil Stabilization.
Covers procedures for characterizing fly ash to be used in soil stabilization. ASTM Vol.
4.09.
D5434-93: Standard Test Method for Diagnostic Soil Test for Plant Growth and Food Chain
Protection. Covers the determination of quantity (Q) and intensity (I) results for several
elements in soils, spoils, fly ash, and other soil substitutes to ascertain their
suitability for the growth of vegetation and possible adverse effects for metals on the
food chain. ASTM Vol. 4.09.
Ordering Info: American Coal Ash Association, 2760 Eisenhower Ave., Suite 304,
Alexandria, VA 22134-4553, (703) 317-2400, FAX (703) 317-2409, Website
www.acaa-usa.org/pubs/publist.htm
FOR DISPOSAL IN A LAND FILL
D 422: Grain Size Distribution
D 2216: Moisture Content
D 854: Specific Gravity
D 698, D 1557: Density
D 2166, D 3080, D 2435: Shear Strength
D 2435: Compressibility
D 2434: Permeability
D 2325: Capillarity
D 560: Frost Susceptibility
Sorini. S.S. 1996. Leaching Tests: Commonly Used Methods,
Examples of Applications to Coal Combustion By-Products, and Needs for the Next
Generation. In Chugh Y. P. et al. Proceedings of Coal Combustion
By-Products Associated with Coal Mining - Interactive Forum. Southern Illinois University
at Carbondale. p 3-11.
There are a variety of tests available for characterizing the leaching behavior of waste
materials. These vary in test type, leaching aspects that are addressed, and the
particular use for which the test is designed. Types of leaching tests include agitated
extraction tests, serial batch tests, flow-through tests, flow-around tests, etc. These
tests address different aspects of leaching, such as the physical mechanisms involved,
chemical interactions between the waste and the leaching fluid, the kinetics of leaching,
leaching as a function of time, etc. Some of the uses of leaching tests include regulatory
purposes, scientific research, and environmental assessment. This paper discusses some of
the commonly used leaching methods, results of specific application of some of these to
coal combustion by-products, and what is needed for the next generation of test methods to
more accurately assess the release of contaminants into the environment.
COMMONLY USED LEACHING PROCEDURES
EPA METHODS
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching procedure (TCLP) (US EPA Method 1311): The TCLP
(US EPA 1990) is designed to simulate the leaching a waste will undergo if disposed in an
unlined sanitary landfill. It is based on a co-disposal scenario of 95% municipal waste
and 5 % industrial waste. The method is an agitated extraction test using leaching fluid
that is a function of the alkalinity of the solid phase of the waste. Either a sodium
acetate buffer solution having a pH of 4.93 ± 0.05 or an acetic acid solution having a pH
of 2.88 ± 0.05 is uses. The procedure requires particle size reduction to less than 9.5
mm. The TCLP is designed to determine the mobility of 40 Toxicity Characteristic (TC)
constituents in liquid, solid and multi phasic wastes. The TC constituents include both
inorganic and organic species. Teachability of volatile organic compounds is determined
using a zero-head space extractor and the sodium acetate buffer solution. The TCLP was
developed in 1984 under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (1984) and is the US EPA regulatory method for
classifying wastes as hazardous or nonhazardous based on toxicity. If the TCLP extract
contains any one of the TC constituents in an amount equal to or greater than the
concentrations specified in 40 CFR 261.24 (1992), the waste possesses the characteristic
of toxicity and is a hazardous waste.
Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) (US EPA Method 1312): The SPLP
(US EPA 1990), which is an agitated extraction method, was developed in 1988 by the US EPA
for use in evaluating the impact that contaminated soils may have on groundwater. The
procedure calls for use of simulated acid rain or reagent water was the extraction fluid,
depending on the constituents of interest. The extraction fluid used to determine the
teachability of soil from a site that is east of the Mississippi River is a solution of
sulfuric and nitric acids in reagent water having a pH of 4.2 ± 0.05. This extraction
fluid is also used to extract waste or wastewater using the procedure. The extraction
fluid used to determine the teachability of soil from a site that is west of the
Mississippi River is a solution of sulfuric and nitric acids in reagent water having a pH
of 5.0 ± 0.05. When the teachability of volatile organic compounds or cyanide is being
evaluated, reagent water is used as the extraction fluid. The procedure requires particle
size reduction to less than 9.5 mm, and as with the TCLP, extraction for volatile
constituents is performed in a zero-head space extractor.
Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP) (US EPA Method 1320): The MEP (US EPA 1990)
is designed to simulate the leaching a waste will undergo from repeated precipitation of
acid rain on an improperly designed sanitary landfill. The repetition extraction are to
reveal the highest concentration of each constituent that is likely to leach in a natural
landfill. The MEP is a serial batch test in which the first extraction is performed
according to the Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity Test (US EPA 1990). The EP is the US
EPA regulatory method that was replaced by the TCLP for determining the characteristic of
toxicity. It is a leaching procedure that involves monitoring the pH of the waste in
reagent water and using an acetic acid solution to maintain the pH of the slurry at 5.0 ±
0.2. After the first extraction in the MEP is completed, the remaining solid is
re-extracted nine times (or more) using synthetic acid rain as the leaching fluid. If the
concentration of any constituent of concern increases from the 7th or 8th
extraction to the 9th extraction, the procedure is repeated until the
concentrations decrease. The synthetic acid rain leaching fluid is prepared by adding the
appropriate amount of 60/40 weight percent sulfuric acid and nitric acid mixture to
distilled, deionized water to give pH of 3.0 ± 0.2. The method is applicable to liquid,
solid, and multi phasic materials.
AMERICAN STANDARD TEST METHODS (ASTM)
ASTM Method D-3987, Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with
Water (ASTM 1995): This method is a procedure for rapidly generating a leachate from
solid waste that can be used to estimate the mobility of inorganic constituents from the
waste under the specified test conditions. The final pH of the leachate is to reflect the
interaction of the leaching fluid with the buffering capacity of the waste. In the method,
it is stated that the procedure is not intended to produce a leachate representative of
leachate generated in the field, and the method does not simulate site-specific leaching
conditions (ASTM 1995). ASTM Method D-3987 is an agitated extraction method that uses
reagent water as the leaching fluid. The procedure involves an 18-hour contact time
between a solid waste and reagent water with rotary agitation. The method calls for
testing a representative sample of the waste, and as a result, it does not require
particle size reduction. The method has been tested to determine its applicability to
inorganic constituents, but it has not been tested for application to organic
constituents.
ASTM Method D-4793, Standard Test Method for Sequential Batch Extraction of Waste with
Water (ASTM 1995): This method is a procedure for obtaining serial leachates of a
waste that can be used to estimate the mobility of inorganic constituents from the waste
under the specified test conditions. The final pH of the leachate is intended to reflect
the interaction of the leaching fluid with the buffering capacity of the waste. Similar to
ASTM Method D-3987, this method also contains statements that it is not intended to
produce leachates representative of leachate generated in the field, and that it does not
simulate site-specific conditions. ASTM Method D-4793 is a serial batch test that uses
reagent water as the leaching fluid. The method has been tested for its applicability to
inorganic constituents only and can be used to test any waste containing at least 5
percent solids. The leaching steps are repeated so that 10 leachates are generated.
ASTM Method D-5284, Standard Test Method for Sequential Batch Extraction of Waste with
Acidic Extraction Fluid (ASTM 1995): This method is a modification of ASTM D-4793. It
calls for use of a leaching fluid having a pH that reflects the pH of acidic precipitation
in the geographic region in which the waste being tested is to be disposed. The leaching
fluid is prepared by mixing a 60/40 weight percent mixture of sulfuric acid/nitric acid
with water. This method has only been tested for its use in leaching inorganic
constituents. The information given in the method concerning its intent and limitations is
the same as described above for ASTM Method D-4793.
ASTM Method D-4874, Standard Test Method for Leaching Solid Waste in a Column
Apparatus (ASTM 1995): This is a column method using reagent water in a continuous
up-flow mode to generate aqueous leachate from waste materials. The current published
version of the method is applicable for evaluating the leach ability of inorganic
constituents. However, a revised method will be published in 1996 that can be used to
evaluate the leach ability of semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds, as well as
inorganic constituents. The column method is intended to provide aqueous leaching in a
dynamic partitioning manner. It is written so that many of the specific column operating
conditions can be selected by the user to meet their specific objectives. The method
states that analysis of the column effluent can provide information on the leaching
characteristics of the waste under the testing conditions used. It is also stated that the
method is not intended to produce results to be used as the sole basis for: (1) the
engineering design of a landfill disposal site, or (2) classification of wastes based on
leaching characteristics.
Ordering Info: Kimery Vories, Office of Surface Mining, 501 Belle St., Alton, IL
62002.
Interlibrary Loan Request: Debbie McGinnis, Office of Surface Mining, 1999
Broadway, Denver, CO 80202-5733, (303) 844-1436, FAX (303) 844-1545
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